This study analyses the conflicts between wildlife and nature conservation and indigenous peoples in the Mgahinga and Bwindi National Parks, Uganda. These parks were established on the ancestral lands of Batwa hunter gatherers, who were forcibly excluded from using park resources in 1991, even though they had continued their activities in the zone after the British Colonial authorities gazetted it in the 1930s. In 1991 the World Bank GEF granted $4.3 million to establish the Mgahinga and Bwindi Impenetrable Forest Conservation Trust, whose overall goal is to aid the protection of the Mgahinga and Bwindi forests by supporting community projects and the Ugandan Wildlife's Authorities park management, and by funding  research. The Trust become operational in 1995, and one of the objectives of the trust was to support Batwa communities affected by the parks through the provision of compensation, the maintenance of access to key resources within the parks, and the provision of food. However, the Batwa community has struggled to overcome  barriers to the establishment of a viable  Batwa Representative Committee, and to obtain enough representation within the Trust's administration in order to gain access to the available resources. They are also experiencing severe administrative inertia that hinders the ability of Batwa representatives from obtaining titles to land that they wish to purchase using funds from the Trust. Despite legal provision in Uganda law for the Batwa to use resources from the national park, and provisions within the Trust to support Batwa to secure rights to forest products from within its boundaries, Batwa are still banned from using park resources. Many Batwa now believe that the operation of the Trust, combined with persistent local discrimination against Batwa, is reinforcing their exclusion from park resources and benefits.